\nDisclaimer:<\/em><\/strong> The information presented in this article is <\/em>not medical advice<\/em><\/strong>; it is meant to act as a quick guide to nursing students<\/strong> for learning purposes only<\/strong> and should not <\/strong>be applied without an approved <\/strong>physician’s consent. Please consult a registered doctor if you’re looking for medical advice.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
Electrolytes are minerals that the body needs to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- balance water levels<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- move nutrients into cells<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- remove waste products<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- allow nerves to send signals<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- enable muscles to relax and contract effectively<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- maintain brain and heart functioning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Some of the body\u2019s most important electrolytes are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Sodium (Na+)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Potassium (K+)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Calcium (Ca++)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Magnesium (Mg++)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Chloride (Cl-)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Phosphate (PO43-)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
You can also check out What Are Electroly? List The Principal Electrolytes And Their Functions.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Types of electrolyte disorders<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Elevated levels of an electrolyte are indicated with the prefix \u201chyper-.\u201d Depleted levels of an electrolyte are indicated with \u201chypo-.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conditions caused by electrolyte level imbalances include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- calcium: hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- chloride: hyperchloremia and hypochloremia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- magnesium: hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- phosphate: hyperphosphatemia or hypophosphatemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- potassium: hyperkalemia and hypokalemia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- sodium: hypernatremia and hyponatremia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Calcium<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Calcium is a vital mineral that your body uses to stabilize blood pressure and control skeletal muscle contraction. It\u2019s also used to build strong bones and teeth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypercalcemia <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
It occurs when you have too much calcium in the blood. This condition occurs when the calcium levels in your blood rise above 10.1 mg\/dL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
You might not have signs or symptoms if your hypercalcemia is mild. More-severe cases produce signs and symptoms related to the parts of your body affected by the high calcium levels in your blood. Examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Kidneys.<\/strong> Excess calcium makes your kidneys work harder to filter it. This can cause excessive thirst and frequent urination.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Digestive system.<\/strong> Hypercalcemia can cause stomach upset, nausea, vomiting and constipation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Bones and muscles.<\/strong> In most cases, the excess calcium in your blood was leached from your bones, which weakens them. This can cause bone pain and muscle weakness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Brain.<\/strong> Hypercalcemia can interfere with how your brain works, resulting in confusion, lethargy and fatigue. It can also cause depression.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Heart.<\/strong> Rarely, severe hypercalcemia can interfere with your heart function, causing palpitations and fainting, indications of cardiac arrhythmia, and other heart problems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Causes<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- kidney disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- thyroid disorders, including hyperparathyroidism<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- lung diseases, such as tuberculosis or sarcoidosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- certain types of cancer, including lung and breast cancers<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- excessive use of antacids and calcium or vitamin D supplements<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- medications such as lithium, theophylline, or certain water pills<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Nursing Diagnosis of Hypercalcemia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Total serum (and sometimes ionized) calcium concentration<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Chest x-ray; measurement of electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, phosphate, PTH, alkaline phosphatase, and serum protein immunoelectrophoresis to determine the cause<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Sometimes urinary excretion of calcium with or without phosphate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Hypercalcemia is diagnosed by a serum calcium concentration > 10.4 mg\/dL (> 2.60 mmol\/L) or ionized serum calcium > 5.2 mg\/dL (> 1.30 mmol\/L). The condition is frequently discovered during routine laboratory screening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Serum calcium can be artifactually elevated by high serum protein levels. True ionized hypercalcemia can also be masked by low serum protein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prevention of Hypercalcemia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Not all hypercalcemia can be prevented, but avoiding excess intake of calcium pills and calcium-based antacid tablets is recommended. Be sure to talk with your doctor if you have a family history of high calcium, kidney stones or parathyroid conditions. Avoid taking dietary supplements, vitamins or minerals without discussing them with your doctor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypocalcemia <\/h3>\n\n\n\n
It occurs due to a lack of adequate calcium in the bloodstream. This condition occurs when the calcium levels in your blood drop below 8.9 mg\/dL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms of Hypocalcemia<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Early-stage calcium deficiency may not cause any symptoms. However, symptoms will develop as the condition progresses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Severe symptoms of hypocalcemia include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- confusion or memory loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- muscle spasms<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- numbness and tingling in the hands, feet, and face<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- depression<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- hallucinations<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- muscle cramps<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- weak and brittle nails<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- easy fracturing of the bones<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Causes<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- kidney failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- hypoparathyroidism<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- vitamin D deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- pancreatitis<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- prostate cancer<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- malabsorption<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- certain medications, including heparin, osteoporosis drugs, and antiepileptic drugs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Nursing Diagnosis of Hypocalcemia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Estimation of measurement of ionized calcium (the physiologically active form of calcium)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Sometimes further testing, including measurement of magnesium, PTH, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and vitamin D concentrations in blood and cAMP and phosphate concentrations in urine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Hypocalcemia may be suspected in patients with characteristic neurologic manifestations or cardiac arrhythmias but often occurs incidentally. Hypocalcemia is diagnosed by a total serum calcium concentration < 8.8 mg\/dL (< 2.2 mmol\/L). However, because low plasma protein can lower total but not ionized, serum calcium, ionized calcium should be estimated based on albumin concentration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Suspicion of low ionized calcium mandates its direct measurement, despite normal total serum calcium. A serum ionized calcium concentration < 4.7 mg\/dL (< 1.17 mmol\/L) is low.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypocalcemic patients should undergo measurement of renal function (e.g., BUN [blood urea nitrogen], creatinine), serum phosphate, magnesium, and alkaline phosphatase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When no etiology is evident, further testing is needed. Additional testing begins with serum concentrations of magnesium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, and occasionally vitamin D levels, both 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D. Urinary phosphate and cAMP concentrations are measured when pseudohypoparathyroidism is suspected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PTH concentration should be measured as an assay of the intact molecule. Because hypocalcemia is the significant stimulus for PTH secretion, PTH normally should be elevated in response to hypocalcemia. Thus,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Low or even low-normal PTH concentrations are inappropriate and suggest hypoparathyroidism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- An undetectable PTH concentration suggests idiopathic hypoparathyroidism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Prevention of Hypocalcemia<\/u><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
You can prevent calcium deficiency disease by including calcium in your diet every day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Be aware that foods high in calcium, such as dairy products, can also be high in saturated fat and trans fat. Choose low-fat or fat-free options to reduce your risk of developing high cholesterol and heart disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chloride<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Chloride is necessary for maintaining the proper balance of bodily fluids. It also helps make the digestive enzymes that help the body metabolize food.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hyperchloremia <\/p>\n\n\n\n
It occurs when there’s too much chlorine in the body. This condition occurs when the chlorine levels in your blood rise above 106 mEq\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms<\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
When chloride levels are moderately high, a person may not notice any symptoms. Long-term hyperchloremia, however, can cause a range of symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Those include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- fluid retention<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- high blood pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- muscle weakness, spasms, or twitches<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- irregular heart rate<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- confusion, difficulty concentrating, and personality changes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- numbness or tingling<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- seizures and convulsions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Causes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- severe dehydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- kidney failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- dialysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- High sodium levels in the blood -Chloride tends to rise when sodium does.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Some medications, particularly hormones, diuretics, and corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Starvation due to eating disorders, severe malnourishment, or problems absorbing nutrients from food.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Addison\u2019s disease, a disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands cannot produce enough hormones<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Nursing Diagnosis of Hyperchloremia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Hyperchloremia is typically diagnosed by a test known as a chloride blood test. This test is usually part of a more extensive metabolic panel a doctor may order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Normal chloride levels for adults are in the 98\u2013107 mEq\/L range. If a test shows a chloride level higher than 107 mEq\/L, hyperchloremia is positive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prevention<\/u><\/strong><\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hyperchloremia can be hard to prevent, particularly when it is caused by a medical condition such as Addison\u2019s disease. For people who are at risk of developing hyperchloremia, some strategies that may help include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Talking to a doctor about medications that can cause hyperchloremia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Discussing options for reducing the effects of drugs that can cause hyperchloremia. For example, a person may need to drink more water or receive IV fluids when they feel dehydrated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Eating a balanced diet and avoiding extreme food restrictions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Taking diabetes medications exactly as a doctor prescribes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Hypochloremia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypochloremia condition develops when there\u2019s too little chloride in the body. This condition occurs when the chlorine levels in your blood drop below 96 mEq\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms of Hypochloremia<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
You often won\u2019t notice symptoms of hypochloremia. Instead, you may have symptoms of other electrolyte imbalances or from a condition that\u2019s causing hypochloremia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- fluid loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- dehydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- weakness or fatigue<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- difficulty breathing<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- diarrhea or vomiting, caused by fluid loss<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
It\u2019s often caused by sodium or potassium problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Other causes can include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- cystic fibrosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- scorpion stings<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- acute kidney failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- congestive heart failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- prolonged diarrhea or vomiting<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- chronic lung disease, such as emphysema<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- metabolic alkalosis, when your blood pH is higher than normal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Nursing Diagnosis of Hypochloremia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The diagnosis of hypochloremia is made on the basis of the patient’s history of the disease or medication causing the imbalance, along with the lab assessment of chloride values. A chloride blood test is carried out to detect abnormal concentrations of chloride. As hypochloremia co-exists with other electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia and hypokalemia (low potassium), blood tests for other electrolytes are also performed to screen for various conditions. When serum chloride is less than 95 mEq\/L, the patient is considered to have hypochloremia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prevention<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
You can take the following measures to avoid hypochloremia:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Make sure that your doctor is aware of your medical history \u2014 especially if you have kidney disease, heart disease, liver disease, or diabetes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Make sure that your doctor is aware of all medications you’re taking.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Stay hydrated. In addition to water, these 19 foods can also help you stay well-hydrated.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Try to avoid both caffeine and alcohol. Both can contribute to dehydration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
As you continue, thestudycorp.com<\/a> has the top and most qualified writers to help with any of your assignments. All you need to do is place an order <\/a>with us. (Electrolyte Imbalance Nursing Diagnosis)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrolyte Imbalance Nursing Diagnosis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Magnesium<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Magnesium is a critical mineral that regulates many vital functions, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- muscle contraction<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- heart rhythm<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- nerve function<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Hypermagnesemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypermagnesemia condition occurs when the chlorine levels in your blood rise above 2.5 mEq\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This disorder primarily affects people with Addison\u2019s disease and end-stage kidney disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
The symptoms of hypermagnesemia include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- nausea<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- vomiting<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- neurological impairment<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- abnormally low blood pressure (hypotension)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- flushing<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- headache<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Exceptionally high magnesium levels in the blood can lead to heart problems, difficulty breathing, and shock. In severe cases, it can result in a coma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Causes<\/u><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Most cases of hypermagnesemia occur in people who have kidney failure. Hypermagnesemia occurs because the process that keeps magnesium levels in the body at normal levels does not work correctly in people with kidney dysfunction and end-stage liver disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When the kidneys do not work correctly, they cannot get rid of excess magnesium, which makes the person more susceptible to a build-up of the mineral in the blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Some treatments for chronic kidney disease, including proton pump inhibitors, can increase the risk of hypermagnesemia. Malnourishment and alcoholism<\/a> are additional risk factors in people with chronic kidney disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Other causes<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
It is rare for someone who has normal kidney function to develop hypermagnesemia. If a person with healthy kidney function does develop hypermagnesemia, the symptoms are usually mild.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Other causes of hypermagnesemia include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- lithium therapy<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- hypothyroidism<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Addison\u2019s disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- milk-alkali syndrome<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- drugs containing magnesium, such as some laxatives and antacids<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Nursing Diagnosis of Hypermagnesemia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
A blood test can be carried out to diagnose hypermagnesemia by measuring magnesium levels in the blood. Hypermagnesemia is diagnosed using a blood test. The level of magnesium found in the blood indicates the severity of the condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A normal level of magnesium is between 1.7 and 2.3 mg\/dL. Anything above this and up to around 7 mg\/dL can cause mild symptoms, including flushing, nausea, and headache.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Magnesium levels between 7 and 12 mg\/dL can impact the heart and lungs, and levels in the upper end of this range may cause extreme fatigue and low blood pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Levels above 12 mg\/dL can lead to muscle paralysis and hyperventilation. When levels are above 15.6 mg\/dL, the condition may result in a coma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prevention<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
People with underlying kidney issues are at risk of developing hypermagnesemia because their kidneys may not be able to excrete enough magnesium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Avoiding medications that contain magnesium can help prevent complications. This includes some over-the-counter antacids and laxatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Doctors are advised to test for hypermagnesemia in anyone with underperforming kidneys who experiences the associated symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypomagnesemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypomagnesemia condition occurs when the magnesium levels in your blood drop below 1.5 mEq\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypomagnesemia symptoms<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
People with mild hypomagnesemia may have no symptoms. If symptoms arise, they may include<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- twitches, particularly in the facial muscles<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- weakness and exhaustion<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- nausea and vomiting<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- personality changes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- tremors<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- very pronounced reflexes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- constipation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
A more severe magnesium deficiency can cause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- muscle contractions<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- seizures<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- changes in the heart\u2019s rhythm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Causes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- alcohol use disorder<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- malnutrition<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- malabsorption<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- chronic diarrhea<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- excessive sweating<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- heart failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- certain medications, including some diuretics and antibiotics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
You can also check out Nursing Interventions Related To Fluid Electrolyte Imbalances<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nursing Diagnosis of Hypomagnesemia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The body contains approximately 25 grams (g) <\/a> of magnesium, more than half of which is in the bones. Magnesium is also abundant in the soft tissues. Less than 1% of the body\u2019s magnesium is in serum, the fluid component of blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the blood, normal serum magnesium levels range from 0.75 to 0.95 mmol\/l <\/a>. Doctors diagnose hypomagnesemia when an individual has a serum magnesium level of less than 0.75 mmol\/l.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A blood test can confirm the diagnosis. Serum magnesium lower than 1.8 mg\/dL is considered low. A magnesium level below 1.25 mg\/dL is considered very severe hypomagnesemia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Phosphate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The kidneys<\/a>, bones, and intestines work to balance phosphate levels in the body. Phosphate is necessary for a wide variety of functions and interacts closely with calcium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hyperphosphatemia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
This condition occurs when the phosphate levels in your blood rise above 4.5 mg\/dL<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Hyperphosphatemia does not usually have apparent symptoms. It is more likely that the symptoms of an underlying disease that can cause high phosphate levels, such as uncontrolled diabetes<\/a>, are spotted first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If levels of phosphate in the blood become too high, it may cause mineral and bone disorders and calcification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Causes<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- low calcium levels<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- chronic kidney disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- severe breathing difficulties<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- underactive parathyroid glands<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- severe muscle injury<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- tumor lysis syndrome, a complication of cancer treatment<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- excessive use of phosphate-containing laxatives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Nursing Diagnosis of Hyperphosphatemia <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Measuring the levels of phosphate in the liquid part of the blood<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- A timed urine sample. A person will need to collect all of their urine over a set period, usually 24 hours.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- A person may need an X-ray if they have mineral and bone disorder symptoms. The X-ray will show any calcium deposits in organs or veins and any weakness or changes in the structure of a person’s bones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Prevention<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The primary way to prevent hyperphosphatemia is to control phosphate and calcium levels in the body. This is usually done by eating certain foods and avoiding others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Processed foods often contain phosphorus as a preservative, shown by ingredients that have the letters PHOS together. A person with an underlying condition linked to hyperphosphatemia may wish to avoid these foods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Certain natural foods, such as peas, milk, and peanut butter, also contain high levels of phosphorus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For people with kidney disease, eating a diet with the right amount of minerals is essential for managing the condition. This can be not very easy, and a nutritionist can help to explain which foods to eat or avoid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypophosphatemia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
This condition occurs when the phosphate levels in your blood drop below 2.5 mg\/dL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Many people with mild hypophosphatemia don\u2019t have symptoms. Symptoms may not appear until your phosphate levels drop very low.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
When symptoms do occur, they can include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- muscle weakness<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- fatigue<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- bone pain<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- bone fractures<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- appetite loss<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- irritability<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- numbness<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- confusion<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- slowed growth and shorter than standard height in children<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- tooth decay or late baby teeth (in familial hypophosphatemia)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Causes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- acute alcohol abuse<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- severe burns<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- starvation<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- vitamin D deficiency<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- overactive parathyroid glands<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- certain medications, such as intravenous (IV) iron treatment, niacin (Niacor, Niaspan), and some antacids<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Nursing Diagnosis of Hypophosphatemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Measuring the levels of phosphate in the liquid part of the blood<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- A timed urine sample. A person will need to collect all of their urine over a set period, which is usually 24 hours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Potassium<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Potassium is crucial for regulating heart function. It also helps maintain healthy nerves and muscles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hyperkalemia <\/p>\n\n\n\n
This condition may develop due to high levels of potassium. This condition occurs when the potassium levels in your blood rise above 5 mEq\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms of Hyperkalemia<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Many people with mild hyperkalemia have no signs or ones that are easy to dismiss. Symptoms often come and go and may come on gradually over weeks or months. Dangerously high potassium levels affect the heart and cause a sudden onset of life-threatening problems. Hyperkalemia symptoms include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Abdominal (belly) pain and diarrhea.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Chest pain.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Heart palpitations or arrhythmia (irregular, fast or fluttering heartbeat).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Muscle weakness or numbness in limbs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Nausea and vomiting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
This condition can be fatal if left undiagnosed and untreated. It\u2019s typically triggered by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- severe dehydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- kidney failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- severe acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- certain medications, including some blood pressure medications and diuretics<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- adrenal insufficiency, which is when your cortisol levels are too low.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Nursing Diagnosis of Hyperkalemia <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Hyperkalemia often has no symptoms. This means doctors often find it challenging to diagnose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In cases of acute hyperkalemia, doctors will:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- assess kidney, heart and urinary tract function<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- check hydration levels<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- monitor heartbeat using an electrocardiogram<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
In chronic hyperkalemia, doctors follow up by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- carrying out routine laboratory work, such as blood tests or urine samples<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- checking medications to ensure that they are not contributing to high potassium levels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Prevention of Hyperkalemia<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
If you\u2019ve had hyperkalemia or are at risk for it, a low-potassium diet is the best way to protect your health. You may need to cut back on, or completely cut out, certain high-potassium foods, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Asparagus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Avocados.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Bananas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Citrus fruits and juices<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Cooked spinach.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Melons like honeydew and cantaloupe.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Nectarines.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Potatoes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Prunes, raisins and other dried fruits.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Pumpkin and winter squash.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Salt substitutes that contain potassium.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Tomatoes and tomato-based products like sauces and ketchup.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
As you continue, thestudycorp.com<\/a> has the top and most qualified writers to help with any of your assignments. All you need to do is place an order <\/a>with us. (Electrolyte Imbalance Nursing Diagnosis)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Electrolyte Imbalance Nursing Diagnosis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n Hypokalemia <\/p>\n\n\n\n
It may occurs when potassium levels are too low. This condition occurs when the potassium levels in your blood drop below 3.5 mEq\/L.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms of Hypokalemia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Mild cases of low potassium might not cause symptoms. More severe cases might cause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Muscle twitches<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Muscle cramps or weakness<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Muscles that will not move (paralysis)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Abnormal heart rhythms<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kidney problems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
This often happens as a result of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- eating disorders<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- severe vomiting or diarrhea<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- dehydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- certain medications, including laxatives, diuretics, and corticosteroids<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Nursing Diagnosis of Hypokalemia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A blood test is done to test for hypokalemia. A doctor will ask you about your health history. He\/she may want to know if you’ve had any illness that involved vomiting or diarrhea. They\u2019ll ask about any conditions you might have that could be causing it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
You may take a urine test so your doctor can find out if you\u2019re losing potassium when you pee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Since low potassium sometimes can affect your blood pressure, your doctor will check that, too. They also may want to do an electrocardiogram (EKG) if they think you may have arrhythmia. This is one of the more severe side effects and might change how your doctor chooses to treat the problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Treatment<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
You can get more potassium by taking supplements. Most of these you can take by mouth. In some cases, it’s necessary to get your potassium injected by IV. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- If your potassium level is dangerously low<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- If taking supplements don\u2019t raise your potassium levels<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- If your low potassium levels cause abnormal heart rhythms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Prevention of Hypokalemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The best prevention is taking foods that supply the body with potassium. The following is a list of some, but not all, foods that provide potassium:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- Apricots<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Artichokes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Bananas<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Beans<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Beef<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Broccoli<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Brussels sprouts<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Cantaloupes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Chicken<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Fish (many types)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kiwi fruit<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Lentils<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Milk<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Mushrooms<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Nuts (many kinds)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Orange juice<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Pomegranate<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Soy milk<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Spinach<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Tomatoes and tomato products<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Zucchini<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Sodium<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Sodium is necessary for maintaining fluid balance and is critical for normal body function. It also helps to regulate nerve function and muscle contraction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypernatremia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It occurs when there\u2019s too much sodium in the blood. It occurs when the sodium in your blood rises above 145 mEq\/L. In many cases, hypernatremia is mild and doesn\u2019t cause serious problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hypernatremia Symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The main symptom of hypernatremia is excessive thirst. Other symptoms are lethargy, extreme fatigue, lack of energy, and possibly confusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Advanced cases may also cause muscle twitching or spasms. That’s because sodium is essential for how muscles and nerves work. With severe elevations of sodium, seizures and coma may occur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Severe symptoms are rare and usually found only with rapid and significant rises of sodium in the blood plasma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It can also show mild symptoms such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- restlessness<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- insomnia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- tachypnea, which is rapid, shallow breathing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Abnormally high levels of sodium may be caused by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- inadequate water consumption<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- severe dehydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- excessive loss of bodily fluids as a result of prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, or respiratory illness<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- certain medications, including corticosteroids<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Hypernatremia Risk Factors<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Older adults are at an increased risk for hypernatremia. That\u2019s because as you grow older, you\u2019re more likely to have a decreased sense of thirst. You may also be more prone to illnesses that affect water or sodium balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Certain medical conditions also increase your risk for hypernatremia, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
- dehydration<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- severe, watery diarrhea<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- vomiting<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- fever<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- delirium or dementia<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- certain medications<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- poorly controlled diabetes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- larger burn areas on the skin<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- kidney disease<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- a rare condition known as diabetes insipidus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
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